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| Filename extension | .app, .framework, .kext, .plugin, .docset, .xpc, .qlgenerator, .component, .saver, .mdimporter, etc. |
|---|---|
| Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | com.apple.bundle |
| Container for | executable binary, metadata, other bundles, any other file needed to run the application. |
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In NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, GNUstep, and their lineal descendants macOS and iOS, a bundle is a file directory with a defined structure and file extension, allowing related files to be grouped together as a conceptually single item.
Examples of bundles that contain executable code include applications, frameworks, and plugins. This kind of bundle usually contains one file representing executable code, and files that represent resources such as nibs, templates, images, sounds, and other media. On some other systems, such as Microsoft Windows, these resources are usually included directly in the executable file itself at compile time. On older Macintoshes, a similar technique is used, where additional metadata can be added to a file's resource fork. Similar in concept are the application directories used in RISC OS and on the ROX Desktop.
Examples of bundles that do not contain executable code include document packages (iWork documents) and media libraries (iPhoto Library).
Bundles are programmatically accessed with the NSBundle class in Cocoa, NeXTSTEP and GNUstep's Foundation frameworks, and with CFBundle in Core Foundation. Bundles often include an Info.plist file for metadata.[1] The Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for an Apple bundle is com.apple.bundle.[2]
Application bundles[edit]
| Filename extension | |
|---|---|
| Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | com.apple.application-bundle |
| Type of format | application software |
| Container for | executable binary |
| Extended from | Bundle |
Application bundles are directory hierarchies, with the top-level directory having a name that ends with a .app extension. In an application bundle, the first directory in the bundle underneath the top-level directory is usually named Contents. Within Contents there is usually another directory (called MacOS on Macs), which contains the application's executable code. Within the Contents folder there is usually also a directory called Resources, which contains the resources of the application.
Among other things, the Resources folder contains localized versions of the application's nib files.
Other common subdirectories include Plugins, Frameworks, and Shared Frameworks. The Frameworks directory contains frameworks used by the application, and are used even if another version of the framework exists on the system. The Shared Frameworks directory contains frameworks that can be used both by the application that contains them, and other applications; they are used only if a newer version does not exist elsewhere on the system. Plugins contains extensible code used by the application.
By default, the Finder displays application bundles, which can also be referred to as packages, as opaque files with no underlying structure; the contents of the bundle can be shown with the 'Show Package Contents' context menu item.
GNUstep by default uses the name of the application to name the folder that contains application code. An alternative is to name them by the computer architecture and OS the code is intended for to form a fat binary, so the application can be opened on many platforms.[3][4]
macOS framework bundles[edit]
| Filename extension | .framework |
|---|---|
| Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | com.apple.framework |
| Extended from | bundle |
macOS frameworks are also stored as bundles;[5] the top-level directory of a framework bundle has a name that is the name of the framework followed by the extension .framework. In the top-level directory is a Versions directory, with subdirectories for one or more versions of the framework, each subdirectory containing the dynamic library code for the framework, in a file whose name is the same as the name of the framework, possibly with a Headers folder containing header files for the framework, and other subfolders such as Resources. The Versions directory also contains a symbolic link Current to the directory for the current version of the framework. In the top-level directory are symbolic links to the contents of Versions/Current.[6]
The Finder displays framework bundles as directories rather than as opaque files.
Although GNUstep uses frameworks, they are not usually stored as bundles. This is because the full semantics of framework loading are considered too alien to other platforms.[7]
Loadable bundles[edit]
Loadable bundles are bundles which contain code that can be loaded at runtime.[8] Loadable bundles usually have the extension .bundle, and are most often used as plug-ins. On macOS, there is a way to load bundles even into applications that do not support them, allowing for third party hacks for popular applications, such as Safari[9] and Apple Mail.[10][11] A feature inherited from NeXTSTEP, GNUstep has the -[NSBundle principalClass] interface too.
By default, the Finder displays loadable bundles, which can also be referred to as packages, as opaque files with no underlying structure; the contents of the bundle can be shown with the 'Show Package Contents' context menu item.
Other bundle formats[edit]
There are many third-party macOS applications which utilize their own custom bundle format (e.g. CandyBar.iContainer, Aperture.aplibrary, VMware Fusion.vmwarevm, etc.).
.lproj[edit]
An .lproj Sausages mac os. file is a bundle that contains localization files for OpenStep, macOS, or GNUstep software. It typically contains the .nib files for a given language along with .strings files and images if needed (for example, ReadMe or license files). These localized files are used by installer makers to customize install packages. They are also included in an application bundle.
See also[edit]
- Application Directory — the RISC OS analogue to an application bundle
- AppImage — A Linux application that makes use of similar principles
References[edit]
- ^'Information Property List - Bundle Resources'. Apple Developer Documentation.
- ^'System-Declared Uniform Type Identifiers'. Uniform Type Identifiers Reference. Apple Inc. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
- ^'PackagingDrafts/GNUstep'. Fedora Project Wiki.
- ^'gnustep/tools-make: README.Packaging'. GitHub.
- ^'Framework'. developer.apple.com. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
- ^'Anatomy of Framework Bundles'. Apple Inc. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
- ^'User FAQ'. GNUstep.
- ^Code Loading Programming Topics for Cocoa: About Loadable Bundles
- ^'Pimp My Safari: plugins'. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31.
- ^'Apple Mail plug-ins and tools'.
- ^'Hawk Wings — Plug-ins for Apple Mail'. Archived from the original on 2007-08-31.
External links[edit]
- Bundle Programming Guide at Apple Developer Connection
- NSBundle documentation from the GNUstep project
- Platypus — a tool to create application bundles around scripts
Do you want to make Ubuntu look like Mac OS X? If so, we're going to show you how to do it, step-by-step.
The whole point of using Linux is that you can do things like this
It doesn't matter whether you have a bad case of Apple envy, or you simply appreciate the design aesthetic of Apple's OS; there's nothing wrong with aping the appearance of a rival operating system.
After all, the whole point of using Linux is that you are free to do things like this — and hey: you certainly can't make macOS look like Ubuntu!
How To Make Ubuntu Look like a Mac
A stack of mac GTK themes, icon sets, fonts and cursors are available for Linux, just a quick Google away.
The ones included below are the ones we use/think give you the best Mac-like look on your Linux box, But don't be afraid to explore DeviantArt, GitHub and other avenues if our choices don't quite match with your tastes.
1. Pick the Right Desktop Environment
GNOME Shell
To achieve the most Mac-like look on Linux you need to use the most appropriate desktop environment and that is GNOME Shell.
This is not a slight against other desktop environments (DEs) as Unity, Budgie, MATE and Cinnamon can all be moulded to resemble Cupertino's computing OS too.
But GNOME Shell is the most customisable desktop environment. This is a key ask in a task like this. GNOME Shell lets you theme and re-arrange everything you need to with the least amount hackery or fuss.
If you're using Ubuntu 18.04 LTS or later you already have everything you need to get started, so skip ahead.
But if you don't have GNOME Shell installed on Ubuntu you will need to install it first.
This is easy. Just click the button below and follow in the on-screen prompts (select ‘lightdm' as the display manager when asked):
You're also going to need to the GNOME Tweaks tool in a few steps time, so install that now too:
Once both installations are complete you need to logout and select the ‘GNOME Shell' session from the Unity Greeter:
A word on using Unity
One thing GNOME Shell can't offer, that the Unity desktop can, is global menu support.
Now, I don't consider this to be a negative as more and more applications use use Client Side Decorations, making the need for a global menu redundant.
You're also going to need to the GNOME Tweaks tool in a few steps time, so install that now too:
Once both installations are complete you need to logout and select the ‘GNOME Shell' session from the Unity Greeter:
A word on using Unity
One thing GNOME Shell can't offer, that the Unity desktop can, is global menu support.
Now, I don't consider this to be a negative as more and more applications use use Client Side Decorations, making the need for a global menu redundant.
But if having an omnipresent set of app menus stripped across the top of the screen is part of the Mac experience you don't wish to lose, stick with Unity.
2. Install a Mac GTK Theme
The single easiest way to make Ubuntu look like a Mac is to install a Mac GTK theme.
Our top recommendation is the ‘macOS Mojave' theme by Vinceluice. This is a near-enough pixel-perfect clone of Apple's OS skin, and is available in light and dark versions. It's one of the best designed Mac GTK themes out there (it also has a matching GNOME Shell theme).
The ‘macOS Mojave' theme requires GNOME 3.20 or later, so you'll need to be running Ubuntu 16.10 or later to use it.
If you're running the older Ubuntu 16.04 LTS release you can use the competent ‘macOS Sierra' clone created by the B00merang project:
Tip: How To Install GTK Themes
Once you download your chosen macOS theme from the link(s) above, you will need to install it.
To install themes in Ubuntu first extract the contents of the archive you downloaded, then move the folder inside to the ~/.themes folder in your Home directory.
If you do not see this folder press Ctrl + H to reveal hidden folders. Next, find the .themes folder or create it if it doesn't exist. Move the extract folder mentioned above to this folder.
Finally, to change theme, open GNOME Tweak Tool > Appearance and select your chosen theme (and the GNOME Shell theme, if you also downloaded one).
3. Install a Mac Icon Set
Next grab some a Mac Icon set for Linux. A quick Google will throw up a bunch of results. Most, sadly, aren't complete enough to function as a full icon set, so you'll also want to use (and in some cases manually specify) a fall back icon theme like Faba, or Papirus.
To avoid all of that hassle you may wish to use the fabulous ‘La Capitaine‘ icon pack.
What's great about La Capitaine is that it's a proper Linux icon set, with custom macOS inspired icons for many Linux apps and not just a direct port of mac icons to Linux. It's also totally open-source, and is available to download from Github.
How to Install Icon Themes
Next location mac os. Once you've downloaded your chosen theme from the link(s) above you need to install it. To do this first extract the contents of the archive you download, then move the folder inside to the ~/.icons folder in your Home directory.
If you don't see this folder press Ctrl + H to view hidden folders. Next, find the .icons folder or create it if it doesn't exist. Move the extract folder mentioned above to this folder.
Finally, to apply, open GNOME Tweak Tool > Appearance and select your chosen theme.
4. Change the System Font
If you've used Mac OS X / macOS at some point in the past few years you'll know it has clean, crisp system typography.
‘Lucida Grande' is the familiar Mac system font, though Apple uses a system font called ‘San Franciso' in recent releases of macOS.
A quick Google should turn up plenty more information (and links to download San Francisco font) but be aware that neither font is not licensed for distribution — so we can't link you to it, sorry!
Thankfully there's an open-source alternative to ‘Lucida Grande' called Garuda. It's even pre-installed out of the box on Ubuntu, so you don't need to go on a font safari to find it.
Head to GNOME Tweak Tool > Fonts and set the ‘Windows Titles' and ‘Interface' fonts to Garuda Regular (or any other font you wish).
If you use Unity you can use Unity Tweak Tool to change the font on Ubuntu.
5. Add a Desktop Dock
Bunn Appetit Mac Os Download
Ask people what a Mac desktop looks like and chances are they will mention its ubiqutious desktop dock. This is a combined application launcher and window switcher.
If you opted to use GNOME Shell back in Step 1 install the excellent Dash to Dock extension from the GNOME extensions site. This dock can be adjusted, tweaked and tune to look exactly like its macOS counterpart.
Dash to Dock doesn't look very mac-ish by default so you will want to dive in to the GNOME Tweak Tool > Extensions > Dash to Dock > Appearance to change the colour to white, and lower the opacity.
Plank Dock
If you chose to stick with the Unity desktop you can set the Unity Launcher to hide (System Settings > Desktop > Behaviour) and install Plank, a desktop dock, to handle app launching and window switching:
Plank can be configured with all sorts of themes too, making it easy to replicate the Mac OS X experience. Why you do this to me? mac os. Gnosemite is a faithful mac Plank theme worth a look.
Lucky red casino no deposit bonus codes 2018. Further than ever mac os. That's it; we've achieved our aim to make Ubuntu look like a Mac — now it's your turn.
Mac Os Versions
We'd love to see a screenshot of your mac-inspired creation so do feel free to share one in the comments.
